第一篇 Energy and the Industrial Revolution
PARAGRAPH 1
For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.
1、Why does the author provide the information that "Great Britain had large amounts of coal"?
A To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century
B To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain
C To indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel
D To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century
解析：
修辞目的题一般向前面找主旨的句子，在我们这句考试题目当中，本句是煤，后面说但是没means ；前面一句主语是木头燃料快没了，与燃料煤并行句子；再往前一句刚好有一个功能词：转折------我们知道，功能词之后最容易引导的就是主旨句----则主旨句关键是experiencing an energy shortage，经历了燃料短缺；经历燃料短缺，不缺煤，缺的是方法：显示出C,能量短缺不是缺燃料，隐含原文含义：缺的是挖出煤的方法。
A 因为前面是转折功能词引起的小主旨，在A前面没有转折词的情况下，这不可能被反对
B coal became the primary未提及，原文也没提及other energy resources
C继续支持小主旨，正确
D mining became an important未提及
7. 易错选B
7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?
A It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.
B It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.
C It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.
D It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.
Play a role这个词在历年真题中出现过四次；统一的翻译不能翻译成扮演角色，而是起什么作用。这里也问的是起什么作用。
解析：缩读段首句说的是发明机器；根据刚做完的题目，上段的结尾部分是：煤没有办法充分利用，因为没方法；下面接着说机器，必然是解决方法；因为问的是段落在全文中的地位问题，那要增加看问题段的下一段的主旨：第三段主旨是因此产生的其他生产力；也就是说，第二段想说，蒸汽机的发展举足轻重。据这个思想，找答案，只有D是符合的，说它举足轻重的地位assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution。因此，修辞目的题目一定要有一种对题目的预见性，这预见性基于对考试段落的含义提炼和前后关系，根据结构，我们自己心里就有一种基本答案的样子了，再去找答案，就好做了。希望同学们训练好自己看原题之后对答案的预见性，而不是很辛苦的将答案的ABCD的句子仔仔细细看个遍，这样不但没有针对性，还浪费很多做题时间。试想每个题目都去按照答案挨个看，不但扰乱你的思维，更浪费时间，即使题目做出来了，也不放心。正确答案D.
PARAGRAPH 4
Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.
11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation?
A Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.
B It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.
C It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.
D It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.
定位难，选项排除查读：A后句城市人口失业率即使是可能推出的，但前后句无因果关系B ocean shipping未提及 C 长距离以前达不到，说明即使达到了也肯定很贵；现在达到了。必然是没以前贵了。D It resulted in higher wages for factory workers. 工资应该是减少，因为农村人口没事的时候去城市打工了，增加工厂劳动力，增加竞争，工资增高很难说。
第二篇 沙漠里的动植物
PARAGRAPH 5
Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.
9、Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted 1 sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.
B Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.
C The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.
D When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.
正确答案是A.
解析：原文结构：escape 包括例子aestivation+解释+动宾+时间，根据大结构，ABCD中先找能表达aestivation是escape的例子的选项就可以了：A One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation ，也就是说逃离的一个方式是aestivation，合理，表达的就是例子的意思； B escape without using direct action, or aestivation,体现不出举例关系，也加了一个without，否定了原文； C The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation 体现不出是一个例子，反倒体现的是个下定义，关系不对。 D suffer from a condition known as aestivation这句错了，suffer from aestivation关系不对。
The conventional explanation for the loss of Venetian dominance in trade is establishment of the Portuguese direct sea route to the East, replacing the overland Silk Road from the Black sea and the highly profitable Indian Ocean-caravan-eastern Mediterranean route to Venice. The Portuguese Vasco da Gama's Voyaga around southern Africa to India took place at the end of the fifteenth century, and by 1502 the trans- Abrabian caravan route had been cut off by political unrest.
Why does the author mention "Vasco da Gama' Voyage around southern Africa to India" in the passage?
○ to indicate how the Portuguese came to challenge Venetian dominance of trade with the East
○ to explain why political troubles resulted in the closing of the usual routes to India
○ to prove that Venetians could not sail round ships as efficiently as sailors from other countries did
○ to show that Venetian reliance on round ships rather than galleys proved to be weakness
这个还是一道修辞目的题，根据我们的预见性原则，先看原文，划线部分大写，且在文章后半截，应该是例子部分；向前看：主旨说的是一个 Venetian 在贸易上loss主要地位的原因解释是海洋路线的建立：后文接着说大写人名地名，一定是例子部分。所以根据loss为关键词，找loss 掉贸易地位的原因是sea：答案直接看到A: challenge Venetian dominance of trade；挑战主要地位，同义改写。BCD都不是主旨句关键含义"贸易地位丢失"的同义表达。